Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Philip Reuter , 1 Thorolf E. Academic Editor: Myeong Soo Lee. Received 12 Dec Revised 17 Feb Accepted 18 Feb Published 11 Apr Abstract Background. Figure 1. Tibetan medicine in geography and history. A2 predefined 3 Was the health status recorded in a valid and reliable way?
A3 health status 4 Were the diagnostic criteria of the disease described? B2 comparable 3 Was allocation randomized, with a standardized procedure? B3 randomization 4 Was randomization blinded?
C1 recording 2 Apart from intervention, were intervention and control groups treated similarly? C2 similar treatment 3 In case of other treatments, were they recorded in a valid and reliable way? C3 other treatments 4 For RCTs: were placebos used for the control group?
C4 placebo use 5 For RCTs: was the way of placebo administration documented? D1 overmatching 2 In multicentre studies: were the diagnostic and therapeutic methods and the outcome recording in the centres identical?
D2 multicentre 3 Was if assured that participants did not crossover between intervention and control group? D3 no crossover E Outcome recording Outcome 1 Were patient-centred outcome parameters used?
E1 patient-centred 2 Were the outcomes recorded in a valid and reliable way? E2 recording 3 Was outcome recording blinded? E3 blinded outcomes 4 For case series: was the distribution of prognostic factors recorded sufficiently?
F1 evaluable number 2 Were the reasons for the dropouts of participants stated? F2 reasons 3 Were the outcomes of dropouts described and included in the analysis? F3 outcomes 4 If differences were found: were they significant? F4 significance 5 If differences were found: were they relevant?
F5 relevance G Statistical analysis Statistics 1 Were the described analytic methods correct and the information sufficient for a flawless analysis? G1 correct 2 Were confidence intervals given for means and for significance tests? G2 CIs given 3 Were the results presented in graphical form, and were the underlying values stated? G3 graphics Translated from [ 35 ], used in Table 3. Table 1. Korwin-Piotrowskaet al. I: intervention group TM ; C: control group other treatment, placebo ; D: total dropouts.
Table 2. Figure 2. The literature search. References from indexing services were collected first, then other sources were added.
Full item text in Table 1. Table 3. Table 4. References T. Gale, Ed. View at: Google Scholar V. Witt, N. Berling, N. Thingo, M. Cuomo, and S. Gaitonde and P. Bodeker, C. Ong, C. Grundy et al. View at: Google Scholar H.
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View at: Google Scholar E. Saxer, Journeys with Tibetan medicine [M. Navchoo and G. Nov 11, Exercise linked to better mental health, research shows Nov 11, Nov 10, Load comments 0. Let us know if there is a problem with our content. Your message to the editors. Your email only if you want to be contacted back. Send Feedback. Thank you for taking time to provide your feedback to the editors. E-mail the story Tibetan medicine lures patients seeking drug-free cures.
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Your message. Your Privacy This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, collect data for ads personalisation and provide content from third parties. I'm OK with that Cookie options. Over the past two decades, studies have been conducted on the therapeutic applications of saffron, which have been found to have anticancer, antitumor in vivo and in vitro and antimutagenic potential.
Modern pharmacological studies have been proved that saffron can treat a variety of cancers, such as lung, breast, skin, and prostate cancers. In human lung cancer A and H , saffron extract 0. The crocin family includes various glycosyl esters of which six types have been detected in saffron and is the main active substance of saffron. Previous studies have shown that crocin 0. In addition, crocin could induce apoptosis on human breast cancer cells MCF-7 through a caspasedependent mitochondrial pathway, involving p53 expression, Bax conformation, and mitochondrial membrane potential loss Lu et al.
Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. Labiatae is a commonly used TTM for treating arthritis, hepatitis, and ulcer. In recent years, D. Wang et al. The ethanol extract of Meconopsis integrifolia Maxim.
The ethanol extract of Stellera chamaejasme L. N et al. Carum carvi L. Ellagic acid Figure 3 , an important small molecular compound, was isolated from some TTMs, such as P. Similarly, ellagic acid is a polyphenolic compound found in fruits and berries such as pomegranate, strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry. A large number of studies have reported the anticancer effects of ellagic acid on most types of cancer, such as colorectal, breast, prostate, lung, and liver cancers Ceci et al.
Hagiwara et al. Reactive oxygen species ROS are substances produced by all aerobic cells to regulate cell development, growth, survival and death. ROS are generally present in all aerobic cells in relative balance with biochemical antioxidants. Oxidative stress is a major apoptotic stimulus for cancer cells, which require particularly high energy metabolism in the process of rapid growth and proliferation. Therefore, the production of ROS may enhance the proapoptotic mechanism of cancer cells and provide important targets for the treatment of cancer.
The dried fruits of P. In traditional medicine Tibetan system, P. It is the most frequently used formulations in TTM Li et al. The extensive use of P. Up to now, a large number of biological activities have been reported, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects.
It is noted that the aqueous extract of P. Swertia mussotii Franch. Recent studies have shown that S. Wang H. Similarly, Meconopsis horridula Hook. Gallic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid Figure 3 , which can be found in various natural products, such as green tea, grapes, Punica granatum L.
Gallic acid known to affect several pharmacological and biochemical pathways have strong antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties Karimi-Khouzani et al. Therefore, gallic acid has been recognized as an inducer of apoptosis in cancer cell lines. It has been reported that gallic acid could induce apoptosis by ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway in most cancer cells, such as colon cancer HCT cells, small cell lung cancer H cells, prostate cancer DU cells, cervical cancer HeLa cells, melanoma A S2 cells Lo et al.
TC-2 Figure 3 is a new clerodane diterpenoid from Tinospora cordifolia Willd. The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase PI3K signaling pathway is involved in many cancer processes. In addition, Akt is a key regulator of the survival, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism of cancer cells. Signal transducer and activator of the activator of transcription 3 STAT3 can regulate the cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and survival by activating Janus kinase 2 JAK-2 Lv et al.
Rhodiola species are genera of perennial plants of the family Crassulaceae, which grow in high-altitude and cold areas in China, such as Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Qinghai Xia et al.
Among these species, Rhodiola crenulata and R. Modern studies have shown that Rhodiola species possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-altitude sickness, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antifatigue, and anticancer activities Kumar et al.
It is noteworthy that R. It has been found that ethanol extract of R. Pterocephali herba is the whole herb of the perennial plant Pterocephalus hookeri C. It is mainly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and influenza. Recent research found that n-butanol extracts of P. In addition, 2-acetyl-benzylamine Figure 3 isolated from Justicia adhatoda L. Adhatoda vasica Nees 0. Serasanambati et al. Berberine and palmatine are isoquinoline alkaloids Figure 3 , which can be extracted from some medicinal plants, such as Berberis aristata , B.
Berberine exhibits multiple biologic effects with low toxicity, and the antitumor activities in various human cancer cells have been reported Yip and Ho, ; Zhao et al.
Gentianopsis paludosa Hook. Ma is an annual Gentianaceae plant. As a traditional Tibetan medicinal material, it has been widely used as an herb in China because of its clearing heat and detoxifying functions.
Lu et al. Choi et al. The MAPK pathway is involved in the growth, development, proliferation, and differentiation of various cells. More and more studies have shown that the MAPK pathway plays important roles in the process of apoptosis transduction and is significantly related to the occurrence and development of breast, ovarian, esophageal, colon, stomach, and liver cancers Yoon et al.
It is worth noting that Phyllanthus emblica L. Zhao H. Therefore, the tannin fraction of P. Zheng et al. AMPK is rapidly activated when cellular energy metabolism is abnormal, such as starvation, hypoxia, and ischemia Ortiz et al. A series of studies have found that AMPK has strong proapoptotic potential under activated conditions. In summary, AMPK can be an important target for the treatment of cancer. In addition to the mechanisms described above, berberine can also be used to treat cancer by activating AMPK.
It was found that after berberine Salidroside has a wide range of pharmacological activities, especially antiplateau hypoxia and immune-enhancing effects. It has been reported that salidroside can reduce superoxide dismutase SOD level in the mitochondria and improve endurance exercise performance. Therefore, it can be considered that salidroside reduces the production of SOD due to its effect on oxygen consumption, resulting in the change of ATP and finally the activation of AMPK.
Traditional medicines are the gifts of nature to humans. Many drugs that are commonly used in modern medicine, such as artemisinin, paclitaxel, camptothecin, and ephedrine, are derived directly or indirectly from these natural medicines.
This system uses various treatments and personalized approaches to prevent and treat a wide range of diseases, especially chronic diseases, such as cancer. In this review, we attempt to summarize the traditional Tibetan medical theory on the knowledge and treatment of cancer. In addition, we review the natural Tibetan medicines traditionally used in the Tibetan system of medicine for cancer treatment. More importantly, some TTMs and their effects on apoptotic pathways are summarized in Table 4.
Most TTMs exert anticancer effects through multiple components and multiple pathways. As previously mentioned, apoptosis is one of the main mechanisms by which TTM induces cancer cell death. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of Tibetan medicine targeting apoptosis pathways are worthy of further study.
However, in addition to apoptosis pathway targets, other cell death pathways may be triggered by TTMs. For example, some TTMs show anticancer activity by enhancing immunity. In order to fully evaluate the anticancer potential of these TTMs and their active ingredients, multidisciplinary approaches should be integrated to conduct pharmacological studies and reveal their mechanisms of action.
In addition, current research on TTMs is insufficient and limited. First, according to statistics Jia and Zhang, , 3, natural medicines have been used in the Tibetan medicine theory system. However, only 40 species have been demonstrated to possess cancer-related biological activity, and most species still lack sufficient experimental evidence. For example, brag-zhun is a natural exudate from rock stratum, which sometimes contains animal feces.
Brag-zhun and its preparations are commonly used in Tibetan medicines for cancer therapy. However, to date, reports on the biological activity of the medicine associated with cancer are unavailable. Similarly, Swertia chirayita Roxb. Don also lack cancer-related research. Given the high frequency of natural medicines being used in the treatment of cancer, supplementing these gaps in research is necessary. Secondly, although some compounds that are isolated from TTMs exhibit cancer-related biological activities, their cellular and molecular mechanisms, and possible synergies among these compounds have not been clearly elucidated.
Third, TTM mainly uses prescriptions to treat cancer in clinic, but relevant research to support their application is limited. Only studies involving Yukyung Karne have been reported.
Addressing these limitations in future research is necessary. Moreover, although some Tibetan herbal medicines can induce the death of cancer cells through the apoptotic pathways in vitro , these herbs have a weak anticancer effect on animal models. Therefore, in vivo experiments are necessary to verify the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of these TTMs. In conclusion, this review provides the first compilation of data on TTM for cancer treatment. We found that some TTMs e.
These herbs and natural compounds would be potential drug candidates for cancer treatment and deserve further research and development. CT and C-CZ: collected and organized the data and wrote the paper. HY and X-YW: collected the data. Z-JG: wrote the Tibetan names of natural medicines.
YZ: amended the paper. YL and GF: conceived and designed the study and amended the paper. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Afify, A. Syzygium cumini pomposia active principles exhibit potent anticancer and antioxidant activities. Ahmed, H. Improving anti-cancer potentiality and bioavailability of gallic acid by designing polymeric nanocomposite formulation. Asian Pac. Cancer Prev. Ali, H. Extraction optimization of Tinospora cordifolia and assessment of the anticancer activity of its alkaloid palmatine. World J. Anitha, P. Aramwit, P.
Toxicity evaluation of cordycepin and its delivery system for sustained in vitro anti-lung cancer activity. Nanoscale Res. Arpornsuwan, T. Effects of Carthamus tinctorius L. Songklanakarin J. Google Scholar. Aung, H. Balachandran, C. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of 2-acetyl-benzylamine isolated from Adhatoda vasica L. Bassa, L. Rhodiola crenulata induces an early estrogenic response and reduces proliferation and tumorsphere formation over time in MCF7 breast cancer cells.
Phytomedicine 23, 87— Philosophy of Tibetan medicine. Your unique constitution. How Tibetan medicine can help. Your first Tibetan medicine visit. Tibetan meditation. More resources. Questioning — Such as asking about your lifestyle, thinking, environment, food, and behavior. Observation — Looking at your skin, tongue, and urine sample.
To get the most out of your consultation, tell the practitioner about your health concerns and ask the following four questions: What is my inborn constitutional nature? What, if any, energies are out of balance?
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