Hong, S. Analysis of gene promoters for two tomato polygalacturonases expressed in abscission zones and the stigma. Huang, L. I, Tsai, M. Huang, Y. Biochemical and functional analysis of CTR1, a protein kinase that negatively regulates ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Humphries, E. Effect of gibberellic acid and kinetin on growth of the primary leaf of dwarf bean Phaseolus vulgaris.
Nature , — Hunter, D. Expression of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase during leaf ontogeny in white clover. Hussain, A. Does an antagonistic relationship between ABA and ethylene mediate shoot growth when tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Plant Cell Environ. Hvoslef-Eide, A. Breeding Christmas begonia Begonia 3 cheimantha Everett for increased keeping quality by traditional and biotechnological methods. Ichimura, K. Ethylene production associated with petal senescence in carnation flowers is induced irrespective of the gynoecium. Immink, R. Analysis of MADS box protein-protein interactions in living plant cells.
Iqbal, N. Ethylene-stimulated photosynthesis results from increased nitrogen and sulfur. Jackson, M. Effects of applying etnylene to the root system of Zea mays on growth and nutrient concentration in relation to flooding tolerance.
Plant 52, 23— Jeong, J. Suppression of avocado Persea americana Mill. Jia, H. Abscisic acid and sucrose regulate tomato and strawberry fruit ripening through the abscisic acid-stress-ripening transcription factor.
Jiang, C. Silencing polygalacturonase expression inhibits tomato petiole abscission. Jing, H. Ethylene-induced leaf senescence depends on age-related changes and OLD genes in Arabidopsis. Jones, M.
Ethylene responsiveness in carnation styles is associated with stigma receptivity. Plant Reprod. Gerats and J. Jordi, W. Increased cytokinin levels in transgenic PSAG12—IPT tobacco plants have large direct and indirect effects on leaf senescence, photosynthesis and N partitioning.
Ju, C. Conservation of ethylene as a plant hormone over million years of evolution. Plants 1, Junttila, O. Gibberellins and the photoperiodic control of leaf growth in Poa pratensis.
Karakurt, Y. Cell wall-degrading enzymes and pectin solubility and depolymerization in immature and ripe watermelon Citrullus lanatus fruit in response to exogenous ethylene. Kawa-Miszczak, L. Effect of methyl jasmonate and ethylene on leaf growth, anthocyanin accumulation and CO2 evolution in tulip bulbs.
Fruit Orna. Plant Res. Keller, C. Long-term inhibition by auxin of leaf blade expansion in Bean and Arabidopsis. Kaaaesy, J. Ethylene and IAA interactions in the inhibition of photoperiodic flower induction of Pharbitis nil. Kevany, B. Ethylene receptor degradation controls the timing of ripening in tomato fruit. Khan, N. The influence of exogenous ethylene on growth and photosynthesis of mustard Brassica juncea following defoliation.
The application of ethephon an ethylene releaser increases growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen accumulation in mustard Brassica juncea L. Plant Biol. Kieber, J. CTR1, a negative regulator of the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis, encodes a member of the raf family of protein kinases. Cell 72, — Kim, J. Transcriptome analysis of soybean leaf abscission identifies transcriptional regulators of organ polarity and cell fate.
Genes Genomics 33, — King, K. Genetics , — Kiss, E. Production of transgenic carnation with antisense ACS 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase gene. Koch, J. Tomato fruit cell wall.
Use of purified tomato polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase to identify developmental changes in pectins. Konings, H. A relationship between rates of ethylene production by roots and the promoting or inhibiting effects of exogenous ethylene and water on root elongation.
Koukounaras, A. Krizek, B. Molecular mechanisms of flower development: an armchair guide. Kuan, C. Foliar application of aviglycine reduces natural flowering in pineapple.
HortScience 40, — Kulikowska-Gulewska, H. IAA in the control of photoperiodic flower induction of Pharbitis nil Chois. Acta Soc. Kurakawa, T. Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokinin-activating enzyme. La Rue, C. The effect of auxin on the abscission of petioles. Lashbrook, C. Transgenic analysis of tomato endo-beta-1,4-glucanase gene function: role of CEL1 in floral abscission. Lee, B.
Control of plant architecture: the role of phyllotaxy and plastochron. Lee, I. Photoperiod control of gibberellin levels and flowering in sorghum. LeNoble, M. Maintenance of shoot growth by endogenous ABA: genetic assessment of the involvement of ethylene suppression. Lewington, R. The yellowing of attached and detached cucumber cotyledons. Li, Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of four genes encoding ethylene receptors associated with pineapple Ananas comosus L.
Li, Z. Transcriptome sequencing determined flowering pathway genes in Aechmea fasciata treated with ethylene. Lieberman, M. Influence of plant hormones on ethylene production in apple, tomato, and avocado slices during maturation and senescence.
Lin, Z. A tomato HB-zip homeobox protein, LeHB-1, plays an important role in floral organogenesis and ripening. Recent advances in ethylene research. Lincoln, J. Regulation of gene expression by ethylene during Lycopersicon esculentum tomato fruit development.
Liu, J. Identification and expression analysis of ERF transcription factor genes in petunia during flower senescence and in response to hormone treatments. Ljung, K. Sites and homeostatic control of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis during vegetative growth. Llop-Tous, I. Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in response to pollination in tomato flowers. Lohani, S. Postharvest Biol. Lutts, S.
NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice Oryza sativa L. Ma, N. RhPIP2;1, a rose aquaporin gene, is involved in ethylene-regulated petal expansion. Makwana, V. Interaction between GA and ethrel in inducing female flowers in Jatropha curcas.
Masood, A. Role of ethylene in alleviation of cadmium-induced photosynthetic capacity inhibition by sulphur in mustard. Matile, P. Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent leaves. Mattsson, J. Auxin signaling in Arabidopsis leaf vascular development. McCabe, M. The role of ethylene in the growth response of submerged deep water rice.
Millenaar, F. Ethylene-induced differential growth of petioles in Arabidopsis. Analyzing natural variation, response kinetics, and regulation. Mitchum, M. Distinct and overlapping roles of two gibberellin 3-oxidases in Arabidopsis development. Mou, W. Comprehensive analysis of ABA effects on ethylene biosynthesis and signaling during tomato fruit ripening. Muller, R. Characterization of an ethylene receptor family with differential expression in rose Rosa hybrida L.
Musgrave, A. Ethylene-stimulated growth and auxin ansport in ranunculus sceleratus petioles. Mutui, T. Effect of benzyladenine on the vase life and keeping quality of Alstoemeria cut flowers. Nazar, R. Involvement of ethylene in reversal of salt-inhibited photosynthesis by sulfur in mustard.
Noh, Y. Identification of a promoter region responsible for the senescence-specific expression of SAG Plant Mol. Ogawara, T. Ethylene advances the transition from vegetative growth to flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Oh, S. Identification of three genetic loci controlling leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Olsen, A. Ethylene resistance in flowering ornamental plants—improvements and future perspectives. Mitigation of ethylene-promoted leaf senescence by a natural lipid, lysophosphatidylethanolamine.
Paltridge, G. Determinism, senescence and the yield of plants. Patterson, S. Ethylene-dependent and—independent processes associated with floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Penarrubia, L. An antisense gene stimulates ethylene hormone production during tomato fruit ripening. Plant Cell 4, — Pharis, R. Gibberellins, endogenous and applied, in relation to flower induction in the long-day plant Lolium temulentum. Phillips, A. Philosoph-Hadas, S. Benzyladenine pulsing retards leaf yellowing and improves quality of goldenrod Solidago canadensis cut flowers.
Pierik, R. The Janus face of ethylene: growth inhibition and stimulation. Trends Plant Sci. Pinon, V. Potuschak, T. Cell , — A factor linking floral organ identity and growth revealed by characterization of the tomato mutant unfinished flower development ufd.
Purgatto, E. Planta , — Qiu, L. Raab, S. Identification of a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase that is required for suppression of premature senescence in Arabidopsis. Reid, M. Annual Plant Reviews , Vol. Davis Dordrecht: Springer. Reinhardt, D. Auxin regulates the initiation and radial position of plant lateral organs. Reyes-Arribas, T. Leaf senescence in a non-yellowing cultivar of chrysanthemum Dendranthema grandiflora.
Riboni, M. Richmond, A. Effect of kinetin on protein content and survival of detached xanthium leaves. Riov, J. Effect of ethylene on auxin transport and metabolism in midrib sections in relation to leaf abscission of woody plants.
Rogers, H. Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species and redox signaling during leaf and flower senescence: similar but different. From models to ornamentals: how is flower senescence regulated? Rose, J. Expression of a divergent expansin gene is fruit-specific and ripening-regulated. Royer, D. Correlations of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: potential proxies for the fossil record.
Sack, L. Sakai, H. Sanikhani, M. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana plants expressing the Arabidopsis etr allele show reduced ethylene sensitivity.
Savin, K. Shibuya, K. The central role of PhEIN2 in ethylene responses throughout plant development in petunia. Simpson, G. Arabidopsis, the Rosetta Stone of flowering time? PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Sitrit, Y. Regulation of tomato fruit polygalacturonase mRNA accumulation by ethylene: a re-examination. Smith, C. Antisense RNA inhibition of polygalacturonase gene expression in transgenic tomatoes. Smith, D. Solano, R. Sriskandarajah, S. Transgenic Campanula carpatica plants with reduced ethylene sensitivity.
Stead, A. Pollination-induced flower senescence: a review. Stepanova, A. Ethylene signaling and response: where different regulatory modules meet.
Sterling, T. Roe, J. Burton, and R. Sun, T. Molecular mechanism of gibberellin signaling in plants. Senescence-induced ectopic expression of the A. Tadiello, A. BMC Plant Biol. Tan, Y. Plant 7, — Tanase, K. Expression levels of ethylene biosynthetic genes andsenescence-related genes in carnation Dianthus caryophyllus L.
Tang, X. Pistil-specific and ethylene-regulated expression of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase genes in Petunia flowers. Plant Cell 6, — Tardieu, F. Control of leaf growth by abscisic acid: hydraulic or non-hydraulic processes? Taverner, E. Influence of ethylene on cytokinin metabolism in relation to Petunia corolla senescence. Phytochemistry 51, — Taylor, J. Signals in abscission. Tholen, D. Ethylene insensitivity does not increase leaf area or relative growth rate in Arabidopsis thaliana , Nicotiana tabacum and Petunia x hybrida.
Thompson, J. Lipid metabolism during plant senescence. Lipid Res. Tieman, D. The tomato ethylene receptors NR and LeETR4 are negative regulators of ethylene response and exhibit functional compensation within a multigene family. Trainotti, L. The involvement of auxin in the ripening of climacteric fruits comes of age: the hormone plays a role of its own and has an intense interplay with ethylene in ripening peaches.
Trivedi, P. MaExp1, an ethylene-induced expansin from ripening banana fruit. Trivellini, A. Spatial and temporal transcriptome changes occurring during flower opening and senescence of the ephemeral hibiscus flower.
Effect of cytokinins on delaying petunia flower senescence: a transcriptome study approach. Effects of abscisic acid on ethylene biosynthesis and perception in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Effects of promoters and inhibitors of ABA and ethylene on flower senescence of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Trusov, Y. Uluisik, S. Genetic improvement of tomato by targeted control of fruit softening. Valdes, H. Effect of ethylene inhibitors on quality attributes of apricot cv. Modesto and Patterson during storage. Chilean J. Van Doorn, W. Categories of petal senescence and abscission: are-evaluation. Delay of Iris flower senescence by cytokinins and jasmonates. Vandenbussche, F. Ethylene induced Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation is dependent on but not mediated by gibberellins.
Berlin: Springer; Ethylene: an urban air pollutant. J Air Pollution Control Assoc. Dillard MM. Ethylene--the new general anesthetic. J Natl Med Assoc. The Delphic oracle: a multidisciplinary defense of the gaseous vent theory. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Exploiting the triple response of Arabidopsis to identify ethylene-related mutants.
Plant Cell. Arabidopsis ethylene-response gene ETR1 : similarity of product to two-component regulators. Klee HJ.
Ethylene signal transduction: Moving beyond Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. Guillaume RG, Sauter M. Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in rice. Article Google Scholar. Conservation of ethylene as a plant hormone over million years of evolution. Nat Plants. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Perception of ethylene by plants--ethylene receptors. In: McManus MT, editor. Chapter Google Scholar. Mechanisms of signal transduction by ethylene: overlapping and non-overlapping signalling roles in a receptor family.
AoB plants. Ethylene-binding sites generated in yeast expressing the Arabidopsis ETR1 g ene. A copper cofactor for the ethylene receptor ETR1 from Arabidopsis. Hua J, Meyerowitz EM. Ethylene responses are negatively regulated by a receptor gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. CTR1, a negative regulator of the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis, encodes a member of the Raf family of protein kinases.
Mol Plant. EIN2, a bifunctional transducer of ethylene and stress responses in Arabidopsis. Activation of ethylene signaling is mediated by nuclear translocation of the cleaved EIN2 carboxyl terminus.
Cell Res. EIN2-directed translational regulation of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Gene-specific translation regulation mediated by the hormone-signaling molecule EIN2. Temporal transcriptional response to ethylene gas drives growth hormone cross-regulation in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. Vandenbussche F, Van der Straeten D. One for all and all for one: Crosstalk of multiple signals controlling the plant phenotype.
J Plant Growth Regul. Zhu Z, Guo H. Interactions of ethylene and other signals. Coordinated regulation of apical hook development by gibberellins and ethylene in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings.
A dominant mutant receptor from Arabidopsis confers ethylene insensitivity in heterologous plants. Nat Biotechnol. Ethylene signaling: simple ligand, complex regulation. Curr Opin Plant Biol. Download references. The author thanks Dr. Bram Van de Poel and members of the Chang lab for comments on the manuscript. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Caren Chang. Reprints and Permissions. Chang, C. BMC Biol 14, 7 Download citation.
Published : 27 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Ethylene gas is a major plant hormone that influences diverse processes in plant growth, development and stress responses throughout the plant life cycle. What is the plant hormone ethylene?
Why is ethylene important to agriculture? How was the ethylene hormone discovered? Is there anything different about a gaseous hormone? How do plants synthesize ethylene? Full size image. How much ethylene is needed to trigger a response in plants?
Is ethylene harmful to humans? How was the ethylene-signaling pathway determined? Using classical methods of differential screening of ripe fruit cDNA banks, several genes whose expression is regulated by ethylene or induced during ripening were isolated and cDNA clones corresponding to genes strongly expressed during tomato ripening were isolated Mansson et al.
To study ethylene-associated events during ripening, cDNAs corresponding to the mRNAs of ethylene-regulated genes have been isolated and characterized Mansson et al.
Subsequently, other important genes expressed during ripening were isolated, identified and characterized, such as those encoding polygalacturonase PG and pectin methyltransferase Smith et al. Many natural tomato mutants affected at ripening have been used to study gene expression and regulation.
Two principal groups of mutants were used, i. Treatment of the rin mutant with ethylene allowed transcription of genes corresponding to some of these mRNAs, indicating that the rin -type fruits possess the capacity to respond to ethylene Lincoln and Fischer, ; Knapp et al.
This suggests either the absence of a specific receptor to ripening in the transduction pathway or a deficiency in the ethylene signal transduction cascade, linking perception of this phytohormone to the ripening responses.
Dellapenna et al. To identify the function of genes and their role in the ripening process, an antisense RNA strategy has been used by several research groups and several transgenic plants showing reduced expression of ripening related genes have been obtained Gray et al. Transgenic tomato plants expressing an antisense polygalacturonase gene showed a reduction in PG transcripts as well in enzymatic activity during ripening and it was has been shown that in fruits with antisense PG the degradation of cellular wall pectins was inhibited but other aspects of maturation, such as ethylene production and lycopene accumulation were not affected Smith et al.
Other transgenic plants, genetically modified to get alter ethylene production have been obtained by various authors. Fruits from plants transformed with an antisense ACC oxidase clone showed a strong reduction in ethylene production, delayed ripening and a considerable increase in conservation period Hamilton et al. Melon, genetically transformed using a melon antisense ACCO clone resulted in a considerable reduction in fruit ethylene synthesis and, unlike wild type fruits, they showed no increase in ethylene production during peak respiration climacteric crisis either when attached to the plants or post-harvest Ayub et al.
These melons showed an inhibition of maturation as indicated by the absence of yellowish of peel and much reduced softening coupled with a high sugar concentration produced as a result of the prolonged ripening time Ayub et al.
In all cases, ripening of transgenic fruits can be restored by the application of exogenous ethylene Zegzouti, To block ethylene biosynthesis an antisense ACCS clone which completely blocked ripening was introduced into tomato Oeller et al.
Other tomato models involved a modification of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway by the over-expression of a bacterial ACC deaminase Klee et al. The genetic manipulation of alcohol dehydrogenase levels in ripening tomato fruit have been shown to affect the balance of some flavor aldehydes and alcohols Speirs et al.
Much information concerning the biochemical components of the ethylene perception and signal transduction pathways of ethylene have been obtained during the past decade through the development of molecular and genetic strategies using A.
The components of ethylene signal transduction cascade are described below. The process of ethylene perception starts when this molecule interacts with a receptor linked to the endoplasmic reticulum ER membrane Giovannoni, ; Stepanova and Alonso, The pleiotropic effects of the etr1 mutation in A.
As a matter of fact, the ETR1 gene from A. This gene encodes a protein whose N-terminal hydrophobic end forms a dimmer linked by an S-S bond Shaller and Bleecker, responsible for its location in the membrane. The C-terminal end shows high homology with the histidine-kinase family proteins implicated in signal transduction in prokaryotes known as the two-component system Johnson and Ecker, The expression of the coding region of this gene in yeasts showed that the ETR1 protein binds to the plasma membrane as a dimmer and is also capable of binding ethylene and that the ETR1 protein acts as an ethylene receptor Shaller and Bleecker, , while Rodriguez et al.
The five members of the ETR family are related on the basis of the common structural elements in the protein. Additionally, specific substitutions of amino acids in the ethylene binding domain in all members confer dominant insensibility to this hormone in whole plants. There are strong indications that ethylene receptors act as negative regulators of the ethylene signal transduction pathway and that they are activated in the absence of ethylene acting direct or indirectly in the activation of a cascade downstream component, denominated the CTR1 constitutive-triple-response Giovannoni, ; Stepanova and Alonso, Studies shown that transcription factors are part of the ethylene signal transduction pathway, with the cloning of the EIN3 gene encoding a nuclear protein providing the first direct evidence of nuclear regulation in this transduction pathway Chao et al.
In Arabidopsis the expression of the ERF1 gene is rapidly induced by treatment with ethylene Solano, et al. Another relevant fact is that EIN3 homodimmers are capable of having in vitro interactions with a promoter element in the ERF1 gene. This indicates that ERF1 is part of the primary signal transduction cascade and is downstream of the previously identified components, suggesting that a transcriptional cascade operates in ethylene signaling Bleecker and Kende, , Giovannoni, ; Stepanova and Alonso, Emerging genomics tools including expressed sequence tags ESTs and expression arrays are also likely to accelerate the discovery of homologous genes from additional species and the identification of additional novel ripening regulators Adams-Phillips et al.
Several theories on ethylene signal perception and transduction have been proposed to explain the mechanisms by which ethylene receptors could promote signal transduction through a cascade involving several components Zarembinski and Theologis, ; Ecker, ; Bleecker and Kende, The model recently proposed by Bleecker and Kende and subsequently reviewed by Giovannoni and Stepanova and Alonso places the components of the ethylene signal transduction pathway in a linear array and defends the theory that ethylene negatively regulates the joint binding of ETR1 and CTR1 to the receptor, resulting in de-repression of response pathways Figure 2.
The order of the components in this hypothetical linear chain is based on the analysis of epistatic genes, gene expression studies and the study of biochemical interactions.
In this model, ethylene negatively regulates the family of receptors associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and which are related to the two-component catalytic bacterial receptor family. The histidine-kinase transmitter domains of members of this receptor family interact with the CTR1 Raf-like kinase regulator domain. A target for the EIN3 transcription factors is the ERF1 gene promoter , which is a member of a second family of transcription factors and is rapidly induced in response to ethylene and is capable of activating a set of responses to ethylene when expressed.
The large diversity of gene types is representative of the multitude of events affected by ethylene during fruit ripening. Ethylene receptor genes and components of the ethylene transduction pathway have been discovered in the recent years, as described above.
However, the number of genes demonstrated to be induced through this pathway is low in regard to the variety of physiological responses of plants to ethylene. For this reason, novel early ethylene-regulated ER genes from late immature green tomato fruit have been isolated using the differential display technique, in order to obtain a broader understanding of the molecular basis by which ethylene coordinates the ripening process Zegzouti et al.
A large set of clones have been isolated, showing homologous genes involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, signal transduction components, stress-related proteins and primary metabolism. However, as yet a number of these ER clones have no assigned function and reverse genetics is currently being used to investigate the function of these genes and address their role in the ripening process Pech et al.
The latest data have indicated that ER50 is a CTR-like clone, potentially involved in the ethylene transduction pathway Leclercq et al. These genes are being extensively studied in order to determine their function and mechanisms of regulation by ethylene.
0コメント