The Calverts knew these fears could disrupt their plans. In their minds, the colony would be a refuge for English Catholics, who had long been persecuted by their Protestant countrymen. They assured their Protestant countrymen that there was no conspiracy to subvert the English Crown, to ally with the Spanish, or to proselytize their Protestant neighbors. All the Maryland colonists wanted, the Calverts explained, was to worship freely as Catholics and live in peace and harmony with their neighbors.
He is shown here in a seventeenth-century Dutch portrait. Relatively few English Catholics made the long trek across the Atlantic. The colony founded to be a refuge for Catholics held greater appeal for Protestant dissenters, such as Quakers and Puritans who disagreed with the Church of England. The Calverts had imagined a Catholic colony but ended up with religious diversity. No Christians would be persecuted for their faith, and none could be forced to attend services of or pay tithes to any other denomination.
The Act was truly ground breaking. For the first time in English law, all Christians were promised free exercise of religion. If the colonists had embraced the concept, Maryland would have become the first place in the English-speaking world where Catholics, Protestants, and Christians of all kinds could live together in peace.
Broadsides were large sheets of paper that were plastered onto walls to display advertisements, political proclamations, and other information.
Under the authority of the English Parliament, Puritans seized control of Maryland. These new overseers, staunch Reformed Protestants, were not friendly toward Catholicism. They immediately repealed the Toleration Act and banned Catholics from openly worshiping.
But tensions between pro-Catholic Englishmen and Reformed Protestants continued. It also allowed simmering anti-Catholic sentiment in England and the North American colonies to boil over. Religion and politics were a deadly mix in England and its colonies in the mid to late seventeenth century. In Maryland, resentment against Catholic leaders had been growing for decades.
Although the majority of the population was Protestant, Catholics retained control of the proprietary government and reinstated the Toleration Act. Lord Baltimore actually lost his proprietary rights and it was some time before his family was able to regain control of Maryland.
Anti-Catholic actions occurred in the colony all the way up until the 18th century. However, with an influx of Catholics into Baltimore, laws were once again created to help protect against religious persecution.
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Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Share Flipboard Email. Martin Kelly. History Expert. Martin Kelly, M. It was a proprietary colony of Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore. The Bay produces more seafood—oysters, crabs, clams, fin fish—than any comparable body of water.
Since the s, fish stocks have declined due to increased residential and commercial development in the area and the attendant amount of nutrients, sediment, and toxic substances polluting the water. In , President Barack Obama signed the Chesapeake Bay Restoration and Protection Executive Order that called on the federal government "to restore and protect the nation's largest estuary and its watershed.
The outcome resolved many issues which remained from the American War of Independence, but involved no boundary changes. The United States declared war in for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by Britain's continuing war with France, the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honor after humiliations on the high seas, and possible American interest in annexing British North American territory part of modern-day Canada which had been denied to them in the settlement ending the American Revolutionary War.
During the War of the British conducted raids against cities along Chesapeake Bay, up to and including Havre de Grace. There were also two notable battles that occurred in the state.
The first was the Battle of Bladensburg, which occurred on August 24, just outside the national capital, Washington, D. The militiamen defending the city were routed and retreated in confusion through the streets of the city. They burned and looted major public buildings, forcing President James Madison to flee to Brookeville, Maryland.
Battle of North Point Monument dedicated , ca. Baltimore was not only a busy port, but the British thought it harbored many of the privateers who were despoiling British ships. Baltimore had been well fortified with excellent supplies and some 15, troops. Maryland militia fought a determined delaying action at the Battle of North Point, during which a Maryland militia marksman shot and killed the British commander, general Robert Ross.
The battle bought enough time for Baltimore's defenses to be strengthened. After advancing to the edge of American defenses, the British halted their advance and withdrew. With the failure of the land advance, the sea battle became irrelevant and the British retreated. Their defense was augmented by the sinking of a line of American merchant ships at the adjacent entrance to Baltimore Harbor in order to thwart passage of British ships.
The attack began on the morning of September 13, as the British fleet of some nineteen ships began pounding the fort with rockets and mortar shells. After an initial exchange of fire, the British fleet withdrew just beyond the 1. For the next 25 hours, they bombarded the outmanned Americans. On the morning of September 14, an oversized American flag, which had been raised before daybreak, flew over Fort McHenry. The British knew that victory had eluded them.
It later became the country's national anthem. Maryland felt the naval impact of the War of as well as the physical impact of a foreign invasion. For much of the war, the British Navy blockaded America's ports up and down the coast, hurting towns such as Baltimore that depended on trade.
Baltimoreans fought back in the small, fast ships local shipbuilders had designed, causing the British to brand Baltimore "a nest of pirates" and forbid direct confrontation with American ships.
On August 24th, , Cockburn fought a series of engagements on the Patuxent River against Commodore Joshua Barney's flotilla of gunboats and armed, shallow-draft barges.
Shortly before Barney was forced to scuttle his vessels, Major General Robert Ross landed an expeditionary force of British soldiers and marines in Benedict Charles County and marched in the direction of Washington. The British then sailed up the Chesapeake to Baltimore.
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